Gorbachev ‘Revolutionized the Country,’ Drawing Praise From Outside, Ire at Home

Mikhail Gorbachev and wife Raisa came to UVA on April 13, 1993 to help celebrate Thomas Jefferson’s 250th birthday. (Photo by Michael Marshall)

A man who was lionized in the West and reviled in his own country, Gorbachev unintentionally presided over the dissolution of the Soviet Union while ending the Cold War.

“First of all, keep in mind he only served six years, from March of 1985 until the end of ‘91,” Lynch said. “So, one-and-half presidential terms, in U.S. terms.”

Lynch said Gorbachev “revolutionized the country. He dismantled most of Stalin’s legacy of fear of hyper-centralized, hyper-militarized institutions. He ended the Cold War in East-West relations, and he did so peacefully without the use or threat of violence,” he said. 

This led to German reunification, which Lynch said “could not have possibly happened without him. No one was even thinking about it until very late in 1989, early 1990.”

Without Gorbachev, Lynch said it is hard to see how the international system would have transformed the way it did.

“At the same time, he also presided over and even helped to trigger the disintegration of the country that he was trying to reform by systemic restructuring and reforms,” Lynch said. “He was, as I have written, a man with visions more than programs. He knew that he wanted the Soviet Union to become some kind of social democracy. But he really didn’t have a clear idea of what Western social democracies were like.”

Lynch said when it came to some things, Gorbachev was “naïve.” His goal was to reform and strengthen the Soviet Union, and he believed there was sufficient consensus that he could introduce widespread structural reforms without destabilizing the system. He was wrong.

“I think he never fully grasped that the Communist Party of the Soviet Union really was not prepared to be the agency of structural reform of the kind he imagined,” Lynch said. “He pushed that party too far, too fast.”

His critics said Gorbachev became too dependent on Western powers for political capital and that he made too many concessions too quickly, “especially on the question of the rapid unification of Germany within NATO.” And, of course, they blamed him for the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

To the outside world, however, Gorbachev was a hero. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 “for the leading role he played in the radical changes in East-West relations.”

A Visit to UVA on Thomas Jefferson’s 250th Birthday

On April 13, 1993, Gorbachev came to Grounds to help mark Thomas Jefferson’s 250th birthday.

He gave a speech to a packed Lawn, and Lynch was there to see it all unfold.

“It was a very impressive event,” he said. “It was like a graduation ceremony. He was there with his wife Raisa, a very cultivated, educated woman, really a right-hand adviser for him his entire life.”

Lynch said he was sitting with a colleague in the audience, listening to Gorbachev speak in Russian. “What he said in Russian to this crowd at UVA, was that for his entire life, he has been a serious student of Thomas Jefferson,” he said incredulously. “And we looked at each other, we almost fell off our chairs, because we know that on dozens and dozens of occasions, he had said in the Soviet Union that during his entire life, he’d been a careful student of Vladimir Lenin. So, he just substituted Jefferson for Lenin in this respect.

“There was a massive turnout. He was greeted rapturously and then there was a luncheon in Newcomb Hall Ballroom,” Lynch said. “It was an absolutely spectacular event.”