According to research published Wednesday in the journal Lighting Research & Technology, billboards, stadiums, and parking lots are all wasting tons of energy – amounting to $3 billion annually across the U.S. – on excessive, poorly-managed lighting. These lights block out the stars, contribute to climate change, and even throw migrating animals off of their course. “We waste tremendous resources on light that goes out into space and doesn’t do anyone any good,” UVA astronomer Kelsey Johnson, who didn’t work on the project, said.