Last month, lawmakers in Virginia overwhelmingly passed a bill known as “Adam’s Law.”

The legislation is named for Adam Oakes, a freshman at Virginia Commonwealth University who died of an alcohol overdose last year while pledging a fraternity. The new law will require schools in Virginia to offer anti-hazing training to student groups. Gov. Glenn Youngkin, who has said he supports strengthening anti-hazing laws, must sign the bill for it to become law.

The University of Virginia is already offering anti-hazing programming through the Department of Student Health and Wellness’ Gordie Center, named for Lynn Gordon Bailey Jr., an 18-year-old freshman at the University of Colorado at Boulder who died of alcohol overdose during a fraternity hazing event in 2004.

UVA Today reached out via email to Susie Bruce, the director of the Gordie Center, to learn more about what UVA is doing to prevent hazing, and what students and parents can do to prevent the dangerous and sometimes-deadly practice.

Q. Can you explain what hazing is?

A. Hazing is generally defined as “any activity expected of someone joining or participating in a group that humiliates, degrades, abuses or endangers them, regardless of a person’s willingness to participate.”

Hazing has existed for hundreds of years, but the first documented, alcohol-related hazing death in the U.S. didn’t occur until 1940.

Q. Does it always involve alcohol or other substances?

A. No, not always. But the most frequently reported form of college hazing is participating in drinking games, such as consuming a fifth of liquor (17 drinks). This combination leads to numerous injuries needing medical treatment, or death. Since January 2000, 101 people have lost their lives due to hazing activities in the U.S. Of those, 60 were related to substance use, nearly always alcohol.

Coercing people to drink intensifies the power differential between hazers and those being hazed, increasing the odds that hazing victims will comply with unreasonable or dangerous requests. Even small amounts of intoxicating substances impair judgment, which makes it more likely that students will engage in risky behaviors they would never do otherwise.

Q. What are some other components of hazing?

A. Secrecy is one. The hazers know what will happen, while those being hazed are blind to the actual risks. Hazing strategies such as kidnapping, blindfolding or other forms of sensory deprivation are used to produce anxiety in a misguided attempt to promote group loyalty and bonding.

Students want to feel like they worked hard to achieve the privilege of being part of a group, and one of the most persistent challenges in ending hazing is that many students believe hazing victims have willingly agreed to the hazing. But the psychology of hazing makes consent nearly impossible. How can someone consent to an activity when the details are purposefully hidden from them? And, of course, a person cannot consent when intoxicated or high or make informed decisions about potential risk.

Considering the COVID-related social restrictions of the past two years, both first-year and returning students may feel even greater pressure to endure hazing in order to find a place of belonging.

Q. What does the Gordie Center do to combat hazing and substance misuse, and how does it engage with Greek organizations on Grounds to keep people safe?

A. Simply put, we are trying to create a culture where hazing is not acceptable. We do this by raising awareness of the extent and range of hazing behaviors, supporting strong anti-hazing policies and sanctions for violations, delivering research-based education programs to meet students where they are, and providing guidance in healthy team building. We partner with students in everything we do by engaging volunteers and conducting focus groups to learn about student needs and engagement strategies.

We provide programs for resident advisers just prior to fraternity and sorority recruitment, and give numerous presentations to chapters from all four Greek councils and to athletic teams, here at UVA and nationally.

It’s vitally important for bystanders to understand the importance of closely monitoring friends for signs of overdose and never leaving anyone alone to “sleep it off.” The graphic for signs of alcohol overdose was created by UVA students and is widely disseminated across Grounds.

It outlines the following signs of an alcohol overdose:

• P – puking while passed out
• U – unresponsive to pinch or shaking
• B – breathing is irregular, slow, shallow, or has stopped
• S – skin is blue, cold or clammy. If the person has darker skin, check their lips or nailbeds to see if they are getting pale.

Our research shows that awareness of the signs of overdose doubles among first-year students from August to October. Colleges across the country purchase our educational materials for use on their campuses.

Q. Is hazing limited to fraternities, or does it happen in sororities too?

A. Hazing can happen to anyone and is all too common among college students, with 55% of those involved in clubs, teams and organizations experiencing hazing. Nearly three-quarters of college student-athletes experience hazing while in college, which is slightly higher than those who experience hazing in fraternities and sororities. Nearly half of college students report hazing experiences while in high school and, as a result, many students expect to be hazed in college.

Q. We all know hazing is banned. We also know it still goes on at schools around the country. So what should a pledge/new member do if he or she is worried about it? And what should a student do if they worry their organization is engaged in hazing?

A. If students are feeling emotional or physical distress as a result of membership activities, they should check in with others in the group to see if they are also concerned (there’s strength in numbers), make sure they stay connected with friends outside the group, and talk confidentially with someone at Counseling and Psychological Services. They can report hazing through JustReportIt.Virginia.edu or anonymously through the UVA Hazing Hotline: 434-243-HAZE (4293).

Most hazing is reported by friends and bystanders. A student who is worried that a friend is being hazed should talk with them directly about what they’ve observed of the friend’s physical or mental health, share UVA counseling and reporting resources, and follow up if worries persist. Our video about spotting hazing signs is a great resource.

Although a hazing activity may not lead to imminent physical harm, any hazing can easily escalate. Members who realize their group’s activities are designed to or result in shame or put safety at risk should share those concerns with other members and, together, talk with the group’s leaders to propose new activities that focus on healthy group bonding. Our video on this topic walks students through the process of creating positive activities.

Q. What is the best way for parents to talk with their college-aged children about the dangers of hazing and how to help their friends, beyond saying “please be careful”?

A. Parents and guardians have a critical role in prevention and intervention by starting discussions about hazing and how to choose groups that don’t haze. Nearly every family has discussions about the importance of never driving after drinking, but far fewer discuss the lethal risks of drinking too much alcohol too quickly or the prevalence and risks of hazing.

Students are unlikely to initiate conversations on these topics, so it can be easy for parents and caregivers to avoid these uncomfortable topics. But parental expectations and opinions do have an impact on student behaviors, both positively and negatively. This video for parents can help them find ways to talk about things with their children.

Discussion starters can include:

• Which types of groups or organizations have you thought about joining, and why?

• What do you know about the group you are joining? How can you find out more?
• What kinds of activities are required to join? Will it take away from academics? Is drinking involved?
• How comfortable are you with those activities, or the unknowns of the membership process?
• Will you promise to tell me if any activities cause you physical pain or emotional distress, even if the group swears you to secrecy?

The first discussion on a challenging issue is often the most difficult, so don’t try to cover every topic at once. Spreading out conversations on alcohol, hazing and other safety issues will have a more long-lasting impact than one marathon session. Keep the focus on having a two-way discussion where your student gets to share their thoughts and ideas instead of a one-sided lecture. Sometimes the best question can be a simple “What do you know about …?” and see where the conversation goes.

Parents – and everyone really – can learn more about ways to end hazing by joining the Gordie Center's monthly e-newsletter list.

Q. The Gordie Center is collaborating on a three-year, national research project around hazing and substance misuse prevention. Can you tell our readers about the project and its goals?

A. The Gordie Center is partnering with Pennsylvania State University’s Timothy J. Piazza Center for Fraternity and Sorority Research and Reform and the California Polytechnic State University’s WITH US Center for Bystander Intervention on a national research project to understand which programs, policies and practices curb dangerous drinking and hazing in fraternities and sororities. Our goal is to create healthier chapters, which will in turn promote cultural change on campus.